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Question 1
Compare and contrast the OSI reference model with the TCP/IP networking model. Which one do you think is more useful when working with and describing networks and why?
Answer:
The data packets travels from source to destination through wired or wireless communication. The TCP/IP protocol suite have 7 layers which follows a set of rules thus governing data communication efficiently.
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Application layer: This layer works with end applications like FTP (File Transfer Protocol), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
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Presentation layer: This layer handles data formatting, compression and encryption.
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Session layer: This layer handles authorization and authentication features.
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Transport layer: This layer handles QOS functions.
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Network layer: This layer handles data packet routing and switching functions.
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Data layer: This layer deals with data packing and unpacking in frames.
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Physical layer: This layer works with logical level, physical media and data rate functions.
No doubt the physical layer seems to play a vital role among the 7 OSI layers. The reason is that this layer is gateway for remaining layers. Assume there having issue with NIC card in the physical layer no data packets can enter the network to be get processed. This is the only layer which deals with real physical infra of an network. The remaining 6 layers deals only with presentation and application level functionalities of the data packet.
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Question 2
Briefly describe the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). What is the purpose of the ARP Cache?
Answer:
The main function of ARP protocol is that it converts an IP address to the specified physical address. Whether it is an Ethernet LAN or wireless connection it may require the functionality of ARP to work. ARP operates at the data link layer of OSI reference model.
ARP cache:
Assume that if a device wants to communicate with another device, the device at the source point checks the ARP cache for the availability of resolved MAC address of destination end device. We can check this by typing the command “arp –a” inside command prompt window. If ARP address resolution not found in the local cache, the source workstation generates an ARP request message pointing to target destination workstation. This message broadcasted to all machines in the LAN segment. The device which matches the exact MAC address accepts the ARP request message from sender. It saves this message in its storage space called “ARP cache” .
Question 3
Write a report explaining:
a) The detailed design of a simple addressing solution (with diagram(s) and step by step workout of the calculations) that leaves room for growth, is easy to administer and has the minimum wastage of available IP address space.
Answer:
The below table shows the workstations available at each and every individual site office locations of the company Foreshore IT solutions.
Site office name Number of workstations
Finance office 260
IT Call Centre 520
Research & Development 120
Marketing 40
Information Technology 140
Head office 60
Totally there are 1140 workstations available in all the 6 offices of the company.
Finance office:
For connecting 260 machines in this office, we can use the 255.255.254.0 subnet mask. There having 23 mask bits & 15 subnet bits in this subnet. We can able to connect a maximum of 510 hosts in this subnet.
Usable IP address range: 10.0.0.1 to 10.0.1.254
Broadcast address: 10.0.1.255
IT Call Centre:
For connecting 520 machines in this office, we can use the 255.255.252.0 subnet mask. There having 22 mask bits & 14 subnet bits in this subnet. We can able to connect a maximum of 1022 hosts in this subnet.
Usable IP address range: 10.0.0.1 to 10.0.3.254
Broadcast address: 10.0.3.255
Research & Development:
For connecting 120 machines in this office, we can use the 255.255.255.128 subnet mask. There having 25 mask bits & 17 subnet bits in this subnet. We can able to connect a maximum of 126 hosts in this subnet.
Usable IP address range: 10.0.0.1 to 10.0.0.126
Broadcast address: 10.0.0.127
Marketing:
For connecting 40 machines in this office, we can use the 255.255.255.192 subnet mask. There having 26 mask bits & 18 subnet bits in this subnet. We can able to connect a maximum of 62 hosts in this subnet.
Usable IP address range: 10.0.0.1 to 10.0.0.62
Broadcast address: 10.0.0.63
Information Technology:
For connecting 140 machines in this office, we can use the 255.255.255.0 subnet mask. There having 24 mask bits & 16 subnet bits in this subnet. We can able to connect a maximum of 254 hosts in this subnet.
Usable IP address range: 10.0.0.1 to 10.0.0.254
Broadcast address: 10.0.0.255
Head office:
For connecting 60 machines in this office, we can use the 255.255.255.192 subnet mask. There having 26 mask bits & 18 subnet bits in this subnet. We can able to connect a maximum of 62 hosts in this subnet.
Usable IP address range: 10.0.0.1 to 10.0.0.62
Broadcast address: 10.0.0.63
b) Explain what happens to your design if the number of hosts per network jumps to over 1,024 per building.
Answer:
We have designed the IP address scenario with eye on the future needs. All the 6 offices of Foreshore IT solutions have more than the currently required IP address count. If suppose the hosts per network increases we need to change the subnet to the required count, but at the same time without wasting the available IP address.
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Hope this report document provides enough information about fundamentals of networking..
References
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1. Forouzan, B. A., & Fegan, S. C. (2002). TCP/IP protocol suite. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
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2. Tingley, C. T., & Walsh, R. J. (2007). U.S. Patent No. 7,260,648. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
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3. Freeman, B. D., Hanson, B. L., Rochkind, M. M., & Strahs, L. B. (1995). U.S. Patent No. 5,428,608. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
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4. Pahlavan, K., & Krishnamurthy, P. (2011). Principles of wireless networks: A unified approach. Prentice Hall PTR.
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