About Expert
Key Topics
Assignment based on Global & International Business Contexts
Part 1 and 2
- 6 componants in the diamond porter
- what do tourist buy/ spend in sri lanka
- what are the laws regarding FDI in sri lanka
where would you like the office to be in sri lanka
- which company would you want to joint venture (real company)
part 3
uk cultural index
sri lanka cultural index
corruption in sri lanka
Part 1
One of the major foreign exchange earner sector and the main growth area in any of the country is its tourism sector. The tourism sector is highly beneficial for the places with cultural and natural resources in abundance. In the past five years, the world tourism market has depicted a tremendous growth of 3.7 percent and is even further suspected to show a growth of 4.9 percent in the coming five years. It is expected that the Pacific region and Asia would record the highest growth. Sri Lanka arrived in the international tourism sector in the 1960s era. Due to the abundance of natural and cultural resources, the country has shown that tourism sector is one of the most promising sectors for the economic development of the country especially after the periodical setbacks during the civil war along with the natural disasters and world terrorist attacks (Chapman, C. ,2005). For instance, it was seen that the number of international tourists entering Sri Lanka increased in 2008 accounting for 438,475 whereas the count was 18,969 in 1966. Particularly, the Travel and Tourism contribution was seen to be around 7.9% of the total GDP of the Sri Lankan economy in 2009. In 2009, tourism contributed around 503,000 jobs, 6.2% of the overall employment and these facts are expected to grow by 2020 to around 6.7% of the total employment. Sri Lankan Travel and Tourism economy, out of the 186 registered countries of the WTTC is ranked at number 87 worldwide and 110 as per the contribution of tourism to the national economies (Ranasinghe & Deyshappriya, 2012).
The strategic issue in the field of the tourism industry of Sri Lanka is considered to be the competitiveness. In contrast to the other regions in Asia and the world, the last five years of the tourism growth in Sri Lanka are found to be highly flat. The tourism sector has realized that lack of growth in due to the civil conflict in the nation and the sector has also recognized the other serious constraints related to the tourism business and its operations in the way the business is proceeding. This can be evaluated using the Porter’s model of the competitive advantage or the Porter’s Diamond.
Porter’s model of the competitive advantage which is also known as the Porter’s Diamond is used as a powerful methodology which can help to establish enterprise for achieving superior competitiveness in this whole while the world of globalized economy. This model does not define the competitiveness of the enterprise present in a nation on the basis of the natural as well as favorable factors nut also depends on the factors that are generated by negative and positive synergies having an ultimate goal towards the productivity growth. The Porter’s model or the ‘Diamond of National Competitive Advantage’ has presented four major elements of the nation that will help in shaping up of the local firms to compete so as to hamper or may be support the competitive advantage namely: factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries and the firm strategy and rivalry. Additionally, the role of government and the role of chance should also be taken into account for assessing the competitive advantage of the nation (Porter, M. (1998).
Porter’s model of the competitive advantage which is also known as the Porter’s Diamond is used as a powerful methodology which can help to establish enterprise for achieving superior competitiveness in this whole while the world of globalized economy. This model does not define the competitiveness of the enterprise present in a nation on the basis of the natural as well as favorable factors nut also depends on the factors that are generated by negative and positive synergies having an ultimate goal towards the productivity growth. The Porter’s model or the ‘Diamond of National Competitive Advantage’ has presented four major elements of the nation that will help in shaping up of the local firms to compete so as to hamper or may be support the competitive advantage namely: factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries and the firm strategy and rivalry. Additionally, the role of government and the role of chance should also be taken into account for assessing the competitive advantage of the nation (Porter, M. (1998).
1. Factor condition
The factor conditions include the factors like infrastructure which can be realized by the government along with the human resources. The Sri Lankans are aiming to shape the policies related to their civil aviation along with the domestic air travel so as to provide in the reforms for improving their tourism-related infrastructure along with presented a unanimous voice towards the policies like land planning, tourism planning, taxation, environmental protection, municipal government, etc.
The factors related to the airports infrastructure, and related issues can affect the competitive advantage of the Sri Lankan tourism can be seen by the attacks at Bandaranaike International Airport in July 2001 depicting the damages that can be done to the tourism performance of the country ("An analysis of the issues and prospects facing SriLankan Airlines and its embedded partnership with Sri Lankan tourism", 2015).
The natural and cultural resources of Sri Lanka like the exotic beaches provide a competitive edge to the tourism industry of the country. This is one of the key variables of the country's tourism industry. Furthermore, the factor conditions of the Sri Lankan tourism industry include: The welcoming nature of the people, a strategic location that is highly accessible for the markets that are considered to be tourist-generating markets of Asia and western Europe, serene environment ranging from beaches to rainforest and finally to the mountains, diverse and highly unique flora and fauna, multicultural heritage of the foods, customs, and arts, high literacy rate with high English literacy and amusing history with seven ancient world heritage sites with highly varied colonial connections. ("Sri Lanka Tourism - The Official Website of Sri Lanka Tourism", 2016)
The external markets of the Sri Lankan tourism industry are spread across the major regions like Western Europe and Asia. The ideological commitment of Sri Lanka towards liberalization as well as the open economy which will be a major impact to the dynamics of the industry over the long run. (H.M.T.S, H. & A., R, 2011).
The location is a very critical issue in this aspect. The Sri Lankan tourism industry faces strong competition from the countries like Indonesia, India, Maldives, Thailand, Malaysia, etc. An annual increase in the international tourism has been to be 8 percent to 3 percent. Furthermore, an important need for highly educated and skilled workforce for the industry is an identified concern.
The factors related to the airports infrastructure, and related issues can affect the competitive advantage of the Sri Lankan tourism can be seen by the attacks at Bandaranaike International Airport in July 2001 depicting the damages that can be done to the tourism performance of the country ("An analysis of the issues and prospects facing SriLankan Airlines and its embedded partnership with Sri Lankan tourism", 2015).
The natural and cultural resources of Sri Lanka like the exotic beaches provide a competitive edge to the tourism industry of the country. This is one of the key variables of the country's tourism industry. Furthermore, the factor conditions of the Sri Lankan tourism industry include: The welcoming nature of the people, a strategic location that is highly accessible for the markets that are considered to be tourist-generating markets of Asia and western Europe, serene environment ranging from beaches to rainforest and finally to the mountains, diverse and highly unique flora and fauna, multicultural heritage of the foods, customs, and arts, high literacy rate with high English literacy and amusing history with seven ancient world heritage sites with highly varied colonial connections. ("Sri Lanka Tourism - The Official Website of Sri Lanka Tourism", 2016)
The external markets of the Sri Lankan tourism industry are spread across the major regions like Western Europe and Asia. The ideological commitment of Sri Lanka towards liberalization as well as the open economy which will be a major impact to the dynamics of the industry over the long run. (H.M.T.S, H. & A., R, 2011).
The location is a very critical issue in this aspect. The Sri Lankan tourism industry faces strong competition from the countries like Indonesia, India, Maldives, Thailand, Malaysia, etc. An annual increase in the international tourism has been to be 8 percent to 3 percent. Furthermore, an important need for highly educated and skilled workforce for the industry is an identified concern.
2. Demand conditions
It has been argued by Porter (1998) that the local firms that can compete in the marketplace by their home demand conditions can do this in two methods through improving their competitive advantage. First of all is the composition of the home demand along with the characters of the home that the buyers require. These characters are described as demanding buyers by Porter (Czinkota et al. 2002).
The internal demand for the Sri Lankan industry offerings is seen to rise in following decades. The advantage for Sri Lanka exists due to the offering regarding the competitive value proposition and the varied services concerning the other related countries. Furthermore, the tendency of the local tourists is seen to accept the latest offering which is offered by tourism which can make up for the demand. Various regulatory standards for the trade and the environment related to the tourism in the country are exacting in nature. Due to the low encouragement is given to the stimulation of demand as well as the innovation, the intellectual property rights along with the safety standards are less than desirable for the online transactions. Sri Lanka should develop high-quality tourism products which can command a premium price.
The internal demand for the Sri Lankan industry offerings is seen to rise in following decades. The advantage for Sri Lanka exists due to the offering regarding the competitive value proposition and the varied services concerning the other related countries. Furthermore, the tendency of the local tourists is seen to accept the latest offering which is offered by tourism which can make up for the demand. Various regulatory standards for the trade and the environment related to the tourism in the country are exacting in nature. Due to the low encouragement is given to the stimulation of demand as well as the innovation, the intellectual property rights along with the safety standards are less than desirable for the online transactions. Sri Lanka should develop high-quality tourism products which can command a premium price.
Various indigenous event events must be organized for attracting the visitor from outside as well as within the country which can stimulate the demand in the higher manner. Some of the key events that can be highlighted from time to time in Sri Lanka are the Sigiriya Sound and Light Show and other related festivals. Further things to be kept in mind include creation of the Galle Tourism Development Corporation and development of Domestic Tourism which further includes (A Competitiveness Strategy for Sri Lanka’s Tourism Industry, 2002):
Reposition the domestic tourism product, which must develop some welcoming centers or few staging areas for facilitating the tours and can help in providing the information to the tourists and travelers. Further a site enhancement program must be developed for improving the attraction facilities as well as the management. Furthermore, a national events calendar must be prepared for stimulating the enthusiasm and interest for domestic travel.
Organize a domestic tourism transport network, which can incorporate a national tourism signage system for way finding and sites; further an approach must be built for scenic byway designation and tour routing.
Develop a domestic travelers’ information system, which can help in incorporating a Tamil Sri Lanka Guide along with Sinhala teaching guide and further a quality rating system for accommodations that can help to cater the domestic traveler (Wickramasinghe, V., & Takano, S. E., 2010).
3. Related and Supporting Industries
According to Porter, presence of the related and supporting industries which are successful internationally is the third most important determinant of the competitive advantage. This factor will help in creating competitive advantage in various ways which can help in providing early and preferential access to the ongoing coordination and an integral working relationship amongst the suppliers leading to the proximity of technical personnel and managerial along with the cultural similarities tending for facilitating open and free informational flow (Porter 1998).
Sri Lankan Tourism Board is planning to develop Galle, which is a historic city on the South West Coast, and combines the cultural tourism and beach attraction. This city has an intense potential to be an international destination, the center for business meeting and yachting marina. The place is expected to become a center for shopping, cultural excursions, dining, and entertainment for tourist at the beach resorts. Furthermore, the place embodies the rich history of Sri Lanka colonization by the British, Portuguese and Dutch. The Galle Fort has even earned the World Heritage Site due to the best example of European presence in all of the Asia. (Garcin, M. et al., 2008)
The presence of related and supporting industries aids that the industry can provide will add to the value and will also transfer the value to the tourists ultimately providing the competitive edge to the tourism industry globally. The related and aiding industries include all the traditional souvenirs, local suppliers of food, suppliers for the construction and building food, media and PR firms and service providers for the financial services. The activities and services which include the attractions and world-class accommodations along with the major hotel chains which represent the boutique hotel, bars and entertainment areas, restaurants and boutiques, museums, plastic arts, theater, events, living heritage experience and festivals are the major factors of the related and aiding industries.
Sri Lankan Tourism Board is planning to develop Galle, which is a historic city on the South West Coast, and combines the cultural tourism and beach attraction. This city has an intense potential to be an international destination, the center for business meeting and yachting marina. The place is expected to become a center for shopping, cultural excursions, dining, and entertainment for tourist at the beach resorts. Furthermore, the place embodies the rich history of Sri Lanka colonization by the British, Portuguese and Dutch. The Galle Fort has even earned the World Heritage Site due to the best example of European presence in all of the Asia. (Garcin, M. et al., 2008)
The presence of related and supporting industries aids that the industry can provide will add to the value and will also transfer the value to the tourists ultimately providing the competitive edge to the tourism industry globally. The related and aiding industries include all the traditional souvenirs, local suppliers of food, suppliers for the construction and building food, media and PR firms and service providers for the financial services. The activities and services which include the attractions and world-class accommodations along with the major hotel chains which represent the boutique hotel, bars and entertainment areas, restaurants and boutiques, museums, plastic arts, theater, events, living heritage experience and festivals are the major factors of the related and aiding industries.
4. Firm Strategy, Rivalry
Bureaucratic hurdles and corruption are some of the hurdles that have been created by the government which acts as a deterrent for reaching to a superior position. Furthermore, government’s anti-trust policies are very less and far between. There are various desired components from the Sri Lankan Government. The government needs to shape various policies that will impact the tourism industry. This further includes the civil aviation policy along with the domestic air travel. This will aim to define as well as recommending various reforms for improving the tourism-related infrastructure. The government will further present a unified industry voice in regulation, land planning, taxation, environmental protection and municipal government (2016, casrilanka)
The domestic tourism should be required in a manner that the private sector outside the Colombo and local and provincial government in coordination must produce various Provincial Tourism Strategic Plans. The government is also looking into the matter of environmental regulations (Sri lanka the emerging wonder of asia, 2012)
For becoming competitive on a worldwide platform requires efficiently producing services and goods of higher value which can be provided easily by the competing nations. For the tourism industry to make a good mark especially on the global platform when the productivity level is low, it is important Sri Lanka to consider such factors. The firms in Sri Lanka must lay emphasis on attracting of the intellectual rights, and various technologies must be shared.
The decentralization of all the corporate activities, as well as delegation of authority and responsibility, is a prevalent phenomenon. When the rivalry is highly intense, more value can be given to the consumers for the types of services offered. Furthermore, the labor and the employer relationship are highly cooperative for discouraging the untoward strikes or the major hurdles so getting the productive output. Therefore, the tourism board should pursue the competitive strategy for stimulating productive rivalry (Sri Lanka the emerging wonder of asia, 2012).
The country has been facing high criminal activities (Police.lk.,2016). Most of the crimes have been seen against the Westerners and the Americans like hotel room thefts, pickpocketing etc. the cases of presence of touts is very common around the popular hotels, tourist sites and shopping areas. High number of grave crimes were encountered in 2015 in the cities like Colombo, Borella, cinnamon Garden districts etc. However these crimes are preventable. The most common crimes involve robbery, stabling, kidnapping, break-ins, sexual assaults, rape, murder etc. (osac, 2015)
The domestic tourism should be required in a manner that the private sector outside the Colombo and local and provincial government in coordination must produce various Provincial Tourism Strategic Plans. The government is also looking into the matter of environmental regulations (Sri lanka the emerging wonder of asia, 2012)
For becoming competitive on a worldwide platform requires efficiently producing services and goods of higher value which can be provided easily by the competing nations. For the tourism industry to make a good mark especially on the global platform when the productivity level is low, it is important Sri Lanka to consider such factors. The firms in Sri Lanka must lay emphasis on attracting of the intellectual rights, and various technologies must be shared.
The decentralization of all the corporate activities, as well as delegation of authority and responsibility, is a prevalent phenomenon. When the rivalry is highly intense, more value can be given to the consumers for the types of services offered. Furthermore, the labor and the employer relationship are highly cooperative for discouraging the untoward strikes or the major hurdles so getting the productive output. Therefore, the tourism board should pursue the competitive strategy for stimulating productive rivalry (Sri Lanka the emerging wonder of asia, 2012).
The country has been facing high criminal activities (Police.lk.,2016). Most of the crimes have been seen against the Westerners and the Americans like hotel room thefts, pickpocketing etc. the cases of presence of touts is very common around the popular hotels, tourist sites and shopping areas. High number of grave crimes were encountered in 2015 in the cities like Colombo, Borella, cinnamon Garden districts etc. However these crimes are preventable. The most common crimes involve robbery, stabling, kidnapping, break-ins, sexual assaults, rape, murder etc. (osac, 2015)
5. Role of Government
It has been argued by Porter that the role of government has been one of the influencings determining in the competitive advantage. The four determinants can be impacted negatively or positively. Therefore the role of Sri Lankan Government can act as an influencer. The policies and strategies adopted by the Sri Lankan Tourism Board have impacted the tourism sector both in a positive and negative manner. The Sri Lankan Government has been considering to adopt various policy reforms areas in the field of tourism and land planning, environment, municipal government, taxation and incentives and various other tourism regulation.
The government should monitor the regular payment of the taxes generated from the tourism industry however care must be taken that the business should not undermine the business. The tourism industry will examine all the policies which are related to the municipal government services and how the government is being funded. The government is further examining various reforms in the issues of water and sanitation, town planning and waste management (A Competitiveness Strategy for Sri Lanka’s Tourism Industry, 2002).
Sri Lanka Tourism Board is playing a key role in influencing the competitiveness in a manner that it affects the fair trade participation, promotion campaign, local tourism promotion, generic promotion. Therefore it is evident that the role of government in affecting the competitive landscape in the global tourism industry is highly imperative (Hall, C. M., Pender, L., & Sharpley, R., 2005).
The government should monitor the regular payment of the taxes generated from the tourism industry however care must be taken that the business should not undermine the business. The tourism industry will examine all the policies which are related to the municipal government services and how the government is being funded. The government is further examining various reforms in the issues of water and sanitation, town planning and waste management (A Competitiveness Strategy for Sri Lanka’s Tourism Industry, 2002).
Sri Lanka Tourism Board is playing a key role in influencing the competitiveness in a manner that it affects the fair trade participation, promotion campaign, local tourism promotion, generic promotion. Therefore it is evident that the role of government in affecting the competitive landscape in the global tourism industry is highly imperative (Hall, C. M., Pender, L., & Sharpley, R., 2005).
6. Role of Chance
The chance events are not directly the determinant of the competitive advantage. These include the events which are considered to be outside of the firm, government or industry control (Ali et al. 1997). However according to Porter, these play a significant role on the competitive advantage. These can alter the conditions in the diamond and can have the asymmetric impact on various nations. The major factors affecting the competitiveness include the exchange rate movements and the slowdown in the economy. It has been seen that the Sri Lankan government is not able to control the exchange rate directly which is determined by the demand and supply especially existing in the foreign exchange market. It has seen that the Sri Lankan Rupee (LKR) has depreciated as compared to the other rivals present in the tourism industry. The competitiveness of the chance event has led to cheaper tourism package in Sri Lanka as compared to the international markets. (Wij, I., 2011).
Part 2
The Sri Lankan government has seen that the tourism sector is a key growth area during the post-conflict development era and by 2016 it has been estimated to have an ambitious target of attracting over 2.5 million. Since 2009 around 160% of the tourism arrival was expected.
Advantages of FDI as Mode of Entry
This mode of entry provides larger control over all the foreign operations. FDI offers better protection for the FSAs of the firm. This mode of entry provides a better understanding of the host market, which is quicker and easier for adapting to the products of the market and to respond quickly towards all the market changes (Lee, I. H., & Rugman, A. M., 2012). This mode helps in allowing the transfer of technology and expertise in the form of various varieties of the capital inputs which is not provided via trading or financial investment.
Disadvantages of FDI as Mode of Entry
This is a high-cost route as it requires financial and personnel commitment. High exposure to the political and economic risks. Problems towards managing the subsidiary at a vary distance.
The best option for Sri Lanka for increasing the overall inward investment amount of all sorts by focusing on strengthening the functioning of the capital markets, improvement of the environment for investment and all the private companies and organization must improve their governance within their enterprise. These steps would be beneficial for increasing the investment along with capital inflows. (Bartels, F. & Crombrugghe, S., 2009).
The tourism investment is to be handled by the Tourism Development Council.
Advantages of FDI as Mode of Entry
This mode of entry provides larger control over all the foreign operations. FDI offers better protection for the FSAs of the firm. This mode of entry provides a better understanding of the host market, which is quicker and easier for adapting to the products of the market and to respond quickly towards all the market changes (Lee, I. H., & Rugman, A. M., 2012). This mode helps in allowing the transfer of technology and expertise in the form of various varieties of the capital inputs which is not provided via trading or financial investment.
Disadvantages of FDI as Mode of Entry
This is a high-cost route as it requires financial and personnel commitment. High exposure to the political and economic risks. Problems towards managing the subsidiary at a vary distance.
The best option for Sri Lanka for increasing the overall inward investment amount of all sorts by focusing on strengthening the functioning of the capital markets, improvement of the environment for investment and all the private companies and organization must improve their governance within their enterprise. These steps would be beneficial for increasing the investment along with capital inflows. (Bartels, F. & Crombrugghe, S., 2009).
The tourism investment is to be handled by the Tourism Development Council.
Ceylon roots are one of the leading tour company that operates various multilingual tours in Colombo, Sri Lanka with a travel experience of reasonable years. The organization must have the joint venture with Ceylon roots and set up the office in Colombo due to the high attraction of tourists in the prime place of Sri Lanka (Balamurali, N., & Bogahawatte, C. (2011).
By anticipating the Sri Lankan rise in the tourism sector as compared to the other rival countries, we can enter into a joint venture agreement with the Ceylon roots for the purpose of expanding the tourism sector in Sri Lanka on a global scale. Ceylon roots will help in providing the customers with exotic travel experience in tourism industry. The office can be set up in Colombo for attracting maximum people possible. This joining of two companies can provide profit to both the enterprises by forming a synergistic relationship (Kamau, A, 2011).
Market entry strategy for Sri Lanka Tourism Industry
The market of Sri Lanka has high potential for the British companies but it must be important for the British organization to first conduct a thorough market research so as to identify the business strategies as well. For this a proper business plan must be implemented by the new market and the new country. (Chiu, 2015)
Part 3
The two key management issues which must be taken into consideration before starting operations in the Sri Lankan tourism industry.
Cultural Difference:
There is a growing relationship between the culture and tourism, and their relationship between the destination attractiveness along with the competitiveness. The various facets of the relationship between the regional, cultural and tourism attractiveness along with the policy interventions that are taken for enhancing the relationship. A strong link has been found between the tourism and culture which helps various places to become attractive for all the tourists along with increasing the competitiveness for the locations for living, visiting and even investing (DalKi Hwang, 2008). Although the people of Sri Lanka are found to be very warming, have high English literacy rate and literacy rate which leads to a noble interaction among the tourists and the Sri Lankan native people. This gives a competitive edge to the tourism of Sri Lanka. The successful destinations are recognized when the relationship between culture and tourism is interlinked it leads to attracting inward investment and even new residents. Therefore these issues must be considered together with the cultural as well as tourism development as these two sectors must be associated individually. The powerful combination of tourism along with culture leads to profitable investment and attracting people (Kang, D. S., & Mastin, T., 2008).
These two can be intertwined using various factors like generation of increased visitation to the region, encouraging private investments, increasing visitor expenditure, benefit the local and rural community, help in protecting existing market share and enriching the visitor experience in the region (Honey, Martha, and Raymond Gilpin, 2009).
These two can be intertwined using various factors like generation of increased visitation to the region, encouraging private investments, increasing visitor expenditure, benefit the local and rural community, help in protecting existing market share and enriching the visitor experience in the region (Honey, Martha, and Raymond Gilpin, 2009).
Corruption:
Corruption has been imposing a heavy burden on society. However the rate of corruption is seen to be lower than that rates recorded some decades ago, many countries are still experiencing high levels of corruption which is perceived as a risk factor for all the potential tourists. Various countries have been characterized by high level of corruption which is not able to develop the tourism sector even when the place has potential environmental and cultural attractiveness (Das, J., & DiRienzo, C., 2010).
Corruption has been acknowledged as a negative factor which can entail the direct cost and even the indirect cost. Furthermore, corruption affects the economic growth of the country drastically leading to poor financial status. Due to these reasons the government is unable to focus on the tourism sector and its growth. Therefore corruption affects the tourist behavior and when the government and the country practices fraudulent business practice and bribery it leads to high damage of the cultural as well social image of the country impeding the tourism competitiveness (Das & Dirienzo, 2010). Therefore it can be seen that corruption leads to affecting the image of people residing in the destination country which leads to uncertainty regarding the cost and safety of the trip.
It has been that people prefer to travel to countries where the cases of corruption are very minimal especially when these people come from countries where the cases of corruption are not very common. Prevalent corruption leads to increasing of travel costs which lead to having the same effect as the tax. This leads to additional costs from the tourists be it in the form of bribes either in obtaining a visa, for persuading a police offers for letting them through any of the road blocks or even in the case of getting a decent treatment in the food chains or restaurants. Therefore any kind of political instability and corruption increases the cost of business expenses and also puts up a barrier for investing in the tourism industry (Tonsun & Timothy, 2001).
Corruption has been acknowledged as a negative factor which can entail the direct cost and even the indirect cost. Furthermore, corruption affects the economic growth of the country drastically leading to poor financial status. Due to these reasons the government is unable to focus on the tourism sector and its growth. Therefore corruption affects the tourist behavior and when the government and the country practices fraudulent business practice and bribery it leads to high damage of the cultural as well social image of the country impeding the tourism competitiveness (Das & Dirienzo, 2010). Therefore it can be seen that corruption leads to affecting the image of people residing in the destination country which leads to uncertainty regarding the cost and safety of the trip.
It has been that people prefer to travel to countries where the cases of corruption are very minimal especially when these people come from countries where the cases of corruption are not very common. Prevalent corruption leads to increasing of travel costs which lead to having the same effect as the tax. This leads to additional costs from the tourists be it in the form of bribes either in obtaining a visa, for persuading a police offers for letting them through any of the road blocks or even in the case of getting a decent treatment in the food chains or restaurants. Therefore any kind of political instability and corruption increases the cost of business expenses and also puts up a barrier for investing in the tourism industry (Tonsun & Timothy, 2001).
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2. A Competitiveness Strategy for Sri Lanka’s Tourism Industry. (2002) (1st ed.). Colombo. Retrieved from http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnadt761.pdf
3. Ali, R, Y A Choudhry, and D W Lister. 1997. "Sri Lankan Tea Industry: Succeeding in the Global Market." World Bank Discussion Paper No 368. Washington D C: The World Bank.
4. An analysis of the issues and prospects facing SriLankan Airlines and its embedded partnership with Sri Lankan tourism. (2015). Tourism Economics.
5. Balamurali, N., & Bogahawatte, C. (2011). Foreign direct investment and economic growth in Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan Journal of Agricultural Economics,6(1).
6. Bartels, F. & Crombrugghe, S. (2009). FDI policy instruments. Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
7. Police.lk. (2016). Crime Trends. [online] Available at: http://www.police.lk/index.php/crime-trends [Accessed 12 Aug. 2016].
8. osac. (2015). Sri Lanka 2015 Crime and Safety Report. [online] Available at: https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=17573 [Accessed 12 Aug. 2016].
9. Chapman, C. (2005). The Asian Tsunami in Sri Lanka—a personal experience. The Leading Edge, 24(2), 124-125.
10. DalKi Hwang,. (2008). The Case Study of the Relationship between Culture and Tourism in Yufuin. Journal Of The Society Of Japanese Language And Literature, Japanology, null(40), 357-378.
11. Das, J., & DiRienzo, C. (2010). Tourism competitiveness and corruption: A cross-country analysis. Tourism economics, 16(3), 477-492.
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