Advanced Theories of Personality

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Requirement

Choose a problem such as anxiety, depression, conduct disorder, etc. Through the use of one major theory, write a comprehensive analysis of the personality development and the associated constructs of this problem. Discuss what the current findings of this theory are, both in understanding human
behavior and treating psychopathological functioning. Integrate research from eight (8) current research references for your response.

Solution

Abstract 

The research report is prepared on the depression. The chief motive behind this study is to understand the influence of depression on the personality development of individuals. With the help of this study, one can understand the influence of depression on the personality of individuals and also can understand the Erikson theory role in resolving depression and building the personality of individuals. Depression influences more than $ 45 billion people in medical care costs. This research works as a guide for the other researchers who want to conduct research in a similar area. In this research report, the research has been utilized various research papers that have been formulated by different authors, for the motive of understanding the research which has been done prior in this area. This research helps in measuring the different legal, ethical considerations regarding personality development and also helps in suggesting the overall influence of depression on the personality development of individuals. In this research firstly we have discussed introduction about personality development and depression then we conducted a further analysis which is represented with the help of research findings. At last, we have a conclusion which concludes the overall findings and suggestions for the research report.

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Introduction 

Depression is considered the largest problems in youngsters, men, and women. It is the first reason for disability in men and women worldwide. More than 40% Men and 50% of Women often experience depression which becomes one of the main reasons for rising various health problems. Depression also influences the personality development of individuals. Lack of depression level may bring higher personality development, and a high level of depression may bring low personality development. Despite various treatments, depression has an approximated prevalence of 5.5 to 9.2 percent (Gilbert, 2014). Due to the depressions approximately 5 to 14 percent of patients affected by their primary care settings. It can be said that depression becomes the second largest reason for disability among people by 2021. Most of the time depression is not treated in an adequate manner. Even when treated appropriately, more than 70 percent of patients with depression have recurrent episodes and 20 to 40 percent have residual symptoms (Brown, 2012). It is necessary for the psychiatrist to treated depression peoples in an efficient manner. It can be said that depression connected with poorer outcomes in patients with a different range of medical conditions like diabetes mellitus, artery disease, and stroke. On the other hand, the personality of one person makes him different from the others. In this report, we will discuss Erikson's psychosocial development theory. The model presented by Erikson is a very significant, meaningful and highly regarded model. This theory helps us in measuring the influence of depression on human beings. Patients with depression generally present psychological symptoms of depressed mood, impaired concentration, suicidal ideation, and feelings of worthlessness. A study conducted in 2005 concluded that routine depression had little effect on the outcomes and management of depressions after five or twelve months of follow-up (Alegría, 2015). So, it is necessary to accurately measure patients who have depression so that adequate treatment is imparted to them.

Literature Review 

Personality is known as a set of individual differences that are highly influenced by the development of an individual: attitudes, social relationships, values, skills, personal memories, and habits. Different authors shared their own views regarding the theoretical positions of personality (Westenberg, 2013). It can be said that the modern sense of individual personality is provided by shifts in culture originating. Erik Erikson was a famous psychologist who formulated one of the most famous influential theories of personality development. This theory is mainly influenced by the views of Sigmund Freud. As per the views of Erikson, personality develops in a series of different stages. Social experience influences the whole lifespan of peoples. Personality plays an important role in building the confidence level of individuals. The growth of human beings mainly depends on the social interaction. One of the main elements of personality development is ego identity. It is known as a conscious sense of self that the individual developed through social interaction (Funder, 2015). As an individual face each new stage of development, they face lots of new challenge that help them further development.

The contrast between historical and current views of personality

The integration of evidence-based treatment interventions with Erikson's theory requires a complex combination of technical and rational skills, with high attention to both research sources or clinical of evidence to identify treatment efficiency. Using evidence-based treatment interventions requires the use of systematic observation and empirical principles to measure depression level and formulate a diagnostic formulation accurately. The selection of treatment strategies done on the basis of interventions knowledge and the research supporting effectiveness. Evidence-based treatment intervention is a combination of different interventions such as Cognitive behavior therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, family therapy, solution-focused brief therapy, and narrative therapy. Cognitive behavior therapy is the best treatment intervention for dealing with depression problems (Cassell, 2013). It is a focused approach that influencing the behaviors and feelings of patients. With the help of cognitive interventions therapist measure unhelpful thoughts, emotions, and reasons for depression. So, it can be resolved with appropriate treatment therapies. For resolving the depression level of patients, the cognitive therapist mostly utilizes relaxation, exposure, behavior modification, and activity scheduling activities. With the help of these theories, they can measure the maladaptive behaviors and distressing emotions of depression patients. The therapist is also focusing more on arranging the therapy sessions, and stress management training sessions for the patients to deal efficiently with them.

Integration of the evidence-based on treatment interventions

Depression assessment is considered as a complex task for the therapists. It is a complex medical illness. It is more than just a feeling of blue or sad for some days. Depression can be easily measured by the therapist by its symptoms which can be feeling empty or sad, loss of interest in favorite activities, feeling a lot of tired, feeling irritable, anxious, or guilty, and thoughts of suicide and death. It is also known as a disorder of the brain. The therapist should choose the appropriate techniques for treating depression suffering patients (Svetina 2014). Medical treatment and diagnosis are considered the best way to manage and treat the condition of depression. Methods of dealing with depression are also different as per the difference in nature of depression. If the therapists were able to diagnose the depression reasons they can utilize the appropriate strategies and techniques for treating them. It is necessary for the therapists that they should utilize the treatment techniques with the recommended medical treatment. Only efficient medical treatment will able to treat the depression patient in an effective manner. A therapist can diagnose the depression level on the basis of eating habits, family life, and exercises. This will help the therapist inappropriately treat the patient so that they can improve their personality as well as their lifestyle.

Combination of the current research to assessment and technique

Erikson's psychological theory based on legal laws formulated by the government of different countries. It offers an entity legal rights and duties which can be enforced by individuals in front of the municipal and international tribunal. This makes the theory very famous among human beings. There is a strong, but not necessary, Freudian element in its model. Ethical discernment in Erikson's psychological theory mainly involves four different activities namely: gathering relevant data, weighing the cons and pros of every possibility, exploring possible responses, and evaluating the impact of every step on people (Lekes, 2016). This suggests that the theory is appropriate for measuring the different personality traits of human beings. Culture play a vital role in forming the personality of an individual. It is one of the main important environmental factors that shape personality. Considering cultural diversity in personality theories is significant because every theory is not necessarily implemented on other cultures. It can be said that the strength of Erikson psychological theory different greatly as per difference in culture. Personality norms influence the behavior of individuals significantly. So, it can be said that legal, ethical and cultural diversity are influencing Erikson psychological theory in a significant manner.
Correlation between legal, ethical and cultural diversity with theories of personality and psychotherapy
It is the responsibility of therapist that they should ethically behave with patients while treating them. They should use such technologies which are ethically right and for the benefits of patients. They should politely treat with the patients and talk to them to recognize their problem. The therapist should articulate personal values during utilization of technology for treating the patients. They should formulate their own limits about what is not allowed and what is allowed. The therapist should be knowledgeable so that they can efficiently utilize the government policy and work to help patients. In addition, the therapists should also focus on the consideration and application of principles rather than depending on a set of predetermined rules for treating depression suffering people. Sometimes, it is very difficult to enforce all this in an ethical manner, but the therapists should continuously perform efforts to recovering the patients from their diseases. They should perform such work which able to gain lots of confidence of patients. Ethical behavior in using the technology make a therapist different from among other available therapists.

Demonstration of ethical behavior in the use of technology

Erikson eight stages theory is considered as a powerful theory. It is highly related to the modern personality of individuals. It utilizes the different perspectives for defining the personality style of different individuals. It is very useful in parenting, coaching, and teaching, dealing with conflicts and resolving the depression level of patients. Erikson seems very interested in representing the childhood development and its influences on adult society. Ideas of Erikson are more relevant now and ever which makes him different from the other researchers. His personality model is mainly representing the eight ‘psychosocial crisis stages' which significantly influences the each person personality and development.

Research Methodology 

This report has adopted secondary research. In this research report, secondary research is conducted because it is easy to use and free to access any answer the research questions. So, it can be said the collection of data by using secondary research is easy to identify and utilize it for conduct further research studies. This report also provides the details regarding the collected data. In this research report, various tools are utilized for finding the answers to different research related questions. All this provides us significant information about the required content from the different point of views.

Tools utilized for collection of Secondary data

Scholarly Journals: These are the efficient sources for collected the required data. These are the sources that contain the reports for the various research experiments and the original research in different fields. The main motive of researcher behind using scholarly journals is that it provides the researcher higher knowledge about the different case studies on various new research topics (Goldenberg, 2015). By utilizing these case studies and their relevant experiences the researchers can learn different things and can implement their views in conducting their own study.
Articles in Literature Review: These articles helps the researcher in reviewing the assembled articles and study the original research related to a specific topic. The researcher utilizes the literature search for study the past research regarding the subject of the research. With the past literature review, the research is able to formulate their own point of view.
Reference Books: These books are considered the main source of collecting required data. These prove very helpful for the researcher because most of the research data collected from the reference books. They involved various facts and chapters that help the researcher in measuring the research questions. It also helps the researcher in providing support in conducting its own research study by which the researcher can collect necessary information required for accomplishing the study.

Research Findings 

From the conducted research it has been found that Erikson’s psychosocial theory proves very powerful for improving the depression level of patients. It can be said that Erikson theory mostly based on eight character-forming models which improves the situation of the patient at every stage. From studying all this, it can also be said that the humans continue to develop and change throughout their lives. In the same manner, their personality also changes as per passing of time; it is not exclusively formed during childhood stages (Funder, 2015). The theory mainly explains different stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood. Every stage of the theory builds on the successful fulfillment of earlier stages. With the help of this theory, one can easily understand the human behavior in a significant manner because it discloses the overall life of human being in its stages. 
Research has measured the influences of parental psychopathology, and family is functioning on treatment response in depressed youths. Though this research it is identified that changes in the functioning of family and caregiver strain jointly defined relations between parental psychopathology and declined the depression level in youths. Especially, parent informants and across IE, families with larger pretreatment parental psychopathology represented a high improvement in caregiver strain and family functioning which ultimately reduced depression level in youngsters as well as for others (Hopper, 2015). Finally, it can be said that the research finding suggests that improvements in family functioning, the personality of individuals and reductions in caregiver strain can affect treatment outcomes for depression youths, especially more distressed peoples, and youth.

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Conclusion 

After studying all this, it can be concluded that depression plays an important role in influencing the personality of individuals. Depression is considered treatable and common disease which should be treated effectively by therapists, because it highly influences the mindset of individuals. As soon as possible the patient's receives support, the sooner they can recover from depression. It is the responsibility of therapist to identify the appropriate treatment method for treating the patients because it is different as per the difference in depression level. On the other hand, it can be said that Erikson theory also plays an important role in formulating the personality of individuals. As per the theory, the personality of individuals develops through different stages which then ultimately formulate the behavior of individuals (Bauer, 2013). Generally, it can be said that our sense of personal identity is formulated by our interactions and experiences with others, and it is this identity which formulates our behaviors, beliefs, and we develop and grow throughout life. It is necessary that depression should be treated in an efficient manner because it influences the overall personality and behavior of individuals. Erikson theory should be taught to everyone so that they can formulate their behavior and personality as per the theory suggestions. Symptoms of depression should be detected by the therapist immediately by using DSM-IV criteria. This will help the therapist in giving the prompt treatment to the patient.

References

  • Gilbert, P. (2014). Depression: The evolution of powerlessness. Psychology Press.

  • Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. (Eds.). (2012). Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. Routledge.

  • Alegría, M., Chatterji, P., Wells, K., Cao, Z., Chen, C. N., Takeuchi, D., ... & Meng, X. L. (2015). Disparity in depression treatment among racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States. Psychiatric services.

  • Westenberg, P. M., Blasi, A., & Cohn, L. D. (Eds.). (2013). Personality development: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical investigations of Loevinger's conception of ego development. Psychology Press.

  • Goldenberg, A. J., Maschke, K. J., Joffe, S., Botkin, J. R., Rothwell, E., Murray, T. H., ... & Rivera, S. M. (2015). IRB practices and policies regarding the secondary research use of biospecimens. BMC medical ethics, 16(1), 1.

  • Funder, D. C. (2015). The Personality Puzzle: Seventh International Student Edition. WW Norton & Company.

  • Mroczek, D. K., & Little, T. D. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of personality development. Psychology Press.

  • Svetina, M. (2014). Resilience in the context of Erikson’s theory of human development. Current Psychology, 33(3), 393-404.

  • Lekes, N., Houlfort, N., Milyavskaya, M., Hope, N. H., & Koestner, R. (2016). The role of intrinsic values for self-growth and community contribution at different life stages: Differentially predicting the vitality of university students and teachers over one year. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 48-52.

  • Cassell, D. E. (2013). Predicting Adolescent Adaptive Functioning from Childhood Trauma: Model Using Framework of Erikson's Psychosocial Developmental Theory. NORTHCENTRAL UNIVERSITY.

  • Hopper, J. (2015). Evaluation of a depression case management service: Improving depression care and impact on suicide assessment. Mental Health Clinician, 5(5), 197-201.

  • Bauer, A. M., Chan, Y. F., Huang, H., Vannoy, S., & Unützer, J. (2013). Characteristics, management, and depression outcomes of primary care patients who endorse thoughts of death or suicide on the PHQ-9. Journal of general internal medicine, 28(3), 363-369.

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